4. Vendor/Manufacturer/Model Specific Information
The following lists many cards in alphabetical order by vendor name and then product identifier. Beside each product ID, you will see either `Supported', `Semi-Supported', `Obsolete', `Dropped' or `Not Supported'.
Supported means that a driver for that card exists, and many people are happily using it and it seems quite reliable.
Semi-Supported means that a driver exists, but at least one
of the following descriptions is true:
(1) The driver and/or hardware are buggy, which may cause poor
performance, failing connections or even crashes.
(2) The driver is new or the card is fairly uncommon,
and hence the driver has
seen very little use/testing and the driver author has had
very little feedback. Obviously (2) is preferable to (1), and
the individual description of the card/driver should make it
clear which one holds true. In either case, you will probably have
to answer `Y' when asked ``Prompt for development and/or
incomplete code/drivers?'' when running make config.
Obsolete means that a driver exists, and was probably at one time considered Semi-Supported. However, due to lack of interest, users, and support, it is known to not work anymore. The driver is still in the kernel, but disabled in the configuration option menu. The general plan is that if it does not get updated by the next kernel development cycle, it will be dropped entirely. Usually a driver marked obsolete simply needs an update to match changes in the kernel to driver interface, or other similar kernel API changes.
Dropped means that the driver was once obsolete (see above) and since there was not enough interest in fixing it, it has been removed from the current kernel tree. There is nothing stopping anyone from copying the driver from an older kernel, making the required updates and using it.
Not Supported means there is not a driver currently available for that card. This could be due to a lack of interest in hardware that is rare/uncommon, or because the vendors won't release the hardware documentation required to write a driver.
Note that the difference between `Supported' and `Semi-Supported' is rather subjective, and is based on user feedback. So be warned that you may find a card listed as semi-supported works perfectly for you (which is great), or that a card listed as supported gives you no end of troubles and problems (which is not so great).
After the status, the name of the driver given in the linux kernel
is listed. This will also be the name of the driver module that
would be used in the alias eth0 driver_name line that is
found in the /etc/modules.conf module configuration file.
4.1 3Com
If you are not sure what your card is, but you think it is a
3Com card, you can probably figure it out from the assembly
number. 3Com has a document `Identifying 3Com Adapters By
Assembly Number' (ref 24500002) that would most likely clear
things up. Also check out their WWW/FTP site with various goodies:
www.3Com.com that you may find useful (including PDFs
with technical info for their cards).
3c501
Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: 3c501
This obsolete stone-age 8 bit card is really too brain-damaged to use. Avoid it like the plague. Do not purchase this card, even as a joke. It's performance is horrible, and it breaks in many ways.
For those not yet convinced, the 3c501 can only do one thing at a time -- while you are removing one packet from the single-packet buffer it cannot receive another packet, nor can it receive a packet while loading a transmit packet. This was fine for a network between two 8088-based computers where processing each packet and replying took 10's of msecs, but modern networks send back-to-back packets for almost every transaction.
AutoIRQ works, DMA isn't used, the autoprobe only
looks at 0x280 and 0x300, and the debug level is set
with the third boot-time argument.
Once again, the use of a 3c501 is strongly discouraged! Even more so with a IP multicast kernel, as you will grind to a halt while listening to all multicast packets. See the comments at the top of the source code for more details.
EtherLink II, 3c503, 3c503/16
Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c503 (+8390)
The 3c503 does not have ``EEPROM setup'', so a diagnostic/setup program isn't needed before running the card with Linux. The shared memory address of the 3c503 is set using jumpers that are shared with the boot PROM address. This is confusing to people familiar with other ISA cards, where you always leave the jumper set to ``disable'' unless you have a boot PROM.
These cards should be about the same speed as the same bus width WD80x3, but turn out to be actually a bit slower. These shared-memory ethercards also have a programmed I/O mode that doesn't use the 8390 facilities (their engineers found too many bugs!) The Linux 3c503 driver can also work with the 3c503 in programmed-I/O mode, but this is slower and less reliable than shared memory mode. Also, programmed-I/O mode is not as well tested when updating the drivers. You shouldn't use the programmed-I/O mode unless you need it for compatibility with another operating system that is used on the same computer.
The 3c503's IRQ line is set in software, with no hints from an EEPROM. Unlike the MS-DOS drivers, the Linux driver has capability to autoIRQ: it uses the first available IRQ line in {5,2/9,3,4}, selected each time the card is ifconfig'ed. Note that `ifconfig' will return EAGAIN if no IRQ line is available at that time.
Some common problems that people have with the 503 are discussed in Problems with....
If you intend on using this driver as a loadable module you should probably see Using the Ethernet Drivers as Modules for module specific information.
Etherlink Plus 3c505
Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: 3c505
These cards use the i82586 chip but are not that many of them about. It is included in the standard kernel, but it is classed as an alpha driver. See Alpha Drivers for important information on using alpha-test ethernet drivers with Linux.
There is also the file
/usr/src/linux/drivers/net/README.3c505
that you should read if you are going to use one of these cards.
It contains various options that you can enable/disable.
Etherlink-16 3c507
Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: 3c507
This card uses one of the Intel chips, and the development of the driver is closely related to the development of the Intel Ether Express driver. The driver is included in the standard kernel release, but as an alpha driver. See Alpha Drivers for important information on using alpha-test ethernet drivers with Linux.
Etherlink III, 3c509 / 3c509B
Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c509
This card was fairly inexpensive and had good performance for an ISA non-bus-master design. The drawbacks were that the original 3c509 required very low interrupt latency. The 3c509B shouldn't suffer from the same problem, due to having a larger buffer. (See below.) These cards use PIO transfers, similar to a ne2000 card, and so a shared memory card such as a wd8013 will be more efficient in comparison.
The original 3c509 had a small packet buffer
(4kB total, 2kB Rx, 2kB Tx), causing the driver to
occasionally drop a packet if interrupts were masked for
too long. To minimize this problem, you can try unmasking
interrupts during IDE disk transfers (see man hdparm) and/or
increasing your ISA bus speed so IDE transfers finish sooner.
The newer model 3c509B has 8kB on board, and the buffer can be split 4/4, 5/3 or 6/2 for Rx/Tx. This setting is changed with the DOS configuration utility, and is stored on the EEPROM. This should alleviate the above problem with the original 3c509.
3c509B users should use either the supplied DOS utility to disable the plug and play support, and to set the output media to what they require. The linux driver currently does not support the Autodetect media setting, so you have to select 10Base-T or 10Base-2 or AUI. Note that if you turn off PnP entirely, you should exit the utility and and then follow that with a hard reset to ensure that the new settings take effect.
Some people ask about the ``Server or Workstation'' and ``Highest Modem Speed'' settings presented in the DOS configuration utility. These settings don't actually change any hardware settings, rather they are only tuning hints to the DOS driver. The linux driver does not need or use these hints. Also, DON'T enable EISA mode on this ISA card unless you really have an EISA machine, or you may end up needing to find an EISA machine just to get your ISA card back into ISA mode!
The card with the lowest hardware ethernet address
will always end up being eth0 in a multiple ISA
3c509 configuration. This shouldn't matter
to anyone, except for those people who want to assign
a 6 byte hardware address to a particular interface.
If this really bothers you, have a look at Donald's latest driver,
as you may be able to use a 0x3c509 value in the unused mem
address fields to order the detection to suit your needs.
3c515
Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c515
This is 3Com's ISA 100Mbps offering, codenamed ``CorkScrew''. Note that you will never achieve full 100Mbps on an ISA bus.
3c523
Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: 3c523
This MCA bus card uses the i82586, and Chris Beauregard has modified the ni52 driver to work with these cards.
3c527 Etherlink MC/32
Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: 3c527
Yes, another i82586 MCA card. No, not too much interest in it. Better chances with the 3c529 if you are stuck with MCA, since it uses the tried and true 3c509 core.
3c529
Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c509
This card actually uses the same chipset as the 3c509. People have actually been using this card in MCA machines.
3c339 Token Ring PCI Velocity XL
Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: tmspci
Token ring driver updates can be found at:
http://www.linuxtr.net/download.html
3c556
Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c59x
A mini PCI NIC found on various IBM and HP notebooks. Also knownas a `laptop tornado'.
3c562
Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c589_cs
This PCMCIA card is the combination of a 3c589B ethernet card with a modem. The modem appears as a standard modem to the end user. The only difficulty is getting the two separate linux drivers to share one interrupt. There are a couple of new registers and some hardware interrupt sharing support. Thanks again to Cameron for getting a sample unit and documentation sent off to David Hinds.
3c575
Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c59x
Note that to support this Cardbus device in old 2.2 kernels, you had to use 3c575_cb.c from the pcmcia_cs package.
3c579
Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c509
The EISA version of the 509. The current EISA version uses the same 16 bit wide chip rather than a 32 bit interface, so the performance increase isn't stunning. Make sure the card is configured for EISA addressing mode. Read the above 3c509 section for info on the driver.
3c589 / 3c589B
Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: 3c589_cs
Many people have been using this PCMCIA card for quite some time now. The "B" in the name means the same here as it does for the 3c509 case.
3c590 / 3c595
Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c59x
These ``Vortex'' cards are for PCI bus machines, with the '590 being 10Mbps and the '595 being 3Com's 100Mbs offering. Also note that you can run the '595 as a '590 (i.e. in a 10Mbps mode). The 3c59x line was replaced by the 3c9xx line quite some time ago, and so these cards are considered rather old.
Note that there are two different 3c590 cards out there, early models that had 32kB of on-board memory, and later models that only have 8kB of memory. The 3c595 cards have 64kB, as you can't get away with only 8kB RAM at 100Mbps!
3c592 / 3c597
Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c59x
These are the EISA versions of the 3c59x series of cards. The 3c592/3c597 (aka Demon) should work with the vortex driver discussed above.
3c900 / 3c905 / 3c905B / 3c905C / 3c905CX
Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c59x
These cards (aka `Boomerang', aka EtherLink III XL) have been released to take over the place of the 3c590/3c595 cards, with some additional support added to the vortex/3c59x driver. The driver found in older kernels may not support the latest revision(s) of these cards, so you may need a driver update.
Note that the 3c905C has support for TCP/UDP/IP checksumming in hardware support - meaning less work for the computer CPU to do!
3c985 (Gigabit acenic, aka Tigon2)
Status: Supported, Driver Name: acenic
This driver supports several other Gigabit cards in addition to the 3Com model.
3c996 (Gigabit broadcom, aka Tigon3)
Status: Supported, Driver Name: tg3, bcm5700(old)
This driver supports several other Gigabit cards in
addition to the 3Com model. The tg3 driver is a
complete rewrite by several linux developers in an effort
to improve on the vendor supplied bcm5700 driver.
4.2 Accton
Accton MPX
Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne (+8390)
Don't let the name fool you. This is still supposed to be a NE2000 compatible card, and should work with the ne2000 driver.
Accton EN1203, EN1207, EtherDuo-PCI
Status: Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip, OR 8139too
Apparently there have been several revisions of the EN1207 (A through D) with A, B, and C being tulip based and the D revision being RealTek 8139 based (different driver). So as with all purchases, you should try and make sure you can return it if it doesn't work for you.
Accton EN2209 Parallel Port Adaptor (EtherPocket)
Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ?
A driver for these parallel port adapters was available around the time of the 2.0 or 2.1 kernel. It's last known location was:
http://www.unix-ag.uni-siegen.de/~nils/accton_linux.html
Accton EN2212 PCMCIA Card
Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet_cs
4.3 Adaptec
Note that some of the older Adaptec 32 bit boards used a tulip clone.
Adaptec DuraLAN/Starfire, 64bit ANA-6922
Status: Supported, Driver Name: starfire
4.4 Allied Telesyn/Telesis
AT1500
Status: Supported, Driver Name: lance
These are a series of low-cost ethercards using the 79C960 version of the AMD LANCE. These are bus-master cards, and hence one of the faster ISA bus ethercards available.
DMA selection and chip numbering information can be found in AMD LANCE.
AT1700
Status: Supported, Driver Name: at1700
Note that to access this driver during make config
you still have to answer `Y' when asked ``Prompt for
development and/or incomplete code/drivers?'' at
the first. This is simply due to lack of feedback on the
driver stability due to it being a relatively rare card.
If you have problems with the driver that ships with
the kernel then you may be interested in the alternative
driver available at:
http://www.cc.hit-u.ac.jp/nagoya/at1700/
The Allied Telesis AT1700 series ethercards are based on the Fujitsu MB86965. This chip uses a programmed I/O interface, and a pair of fixed-size transmit buffers. This allows small groups of packets to be sent back-to-back, with a short pause while switching buffers.
The Fujitsu chip used on the AT1700 has a design flaw: it can only be fully reset by doing a power cycle of the machine. Pressing the reset button doesn't reset the bus interface. This wouldn't be so bad, except that it can only be reliably detected when it has been freshly reset. The solution/work-around is to power-cycle the machine if the kernel has a problem detecting the AT1700.
AT2400
Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne, ne2k-pci (+8390)
Yet another PCI NE2000 clone card. This one is based on the RealTek 8029 chip.
AT2450
Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet32
This is the PCI version of the AT1500, and it doesn't suffer from the problems that the Boca 79c970 PCI card does. DMA selection and chip numbering information can be found in AMD LANCE.
AT2500
Status: Supported, Driver Name: 8139too, rtl8139(old)
This card uses the RealTek 8139 chip - see the section RealTek 8139.
AT2540FX
Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: eepro100
This card uses the i82557 chip, and hence may/should work with the eepro100 driver. If you try this please send in a report so this information can be updated.
4.5 AMD / Advanced Micro Devices
Carl Ching of AMD was kind enough to provide a very detailed description of all the relevant AMD ethernet products which helped clear up this section.
AMD LANCE (7990, 79C960/961/961A, PCnet-ISA)
Status: Supported, Driver Name: lance
There really is no AMD ethernet card. You are probably reading this because the only markings you could find on your card said AMD and the above number. The 7990 is the original `LANCE' chip, but most stuff (including this document) refer to all these similar chips as `LANCE' chips. (...incorrectly, I might add.)
These above numbers refer to chips from AMD that are the heart of many ethernet cards. For example, the Allied Telesis AT1500 (see AT1500) and the NE1500/2100 (see NE1500) use these chips.
The 7990/79c90 have long been replaced by newer versions. The 79C960 (a.k.a. PCnet-ISA) essentially contains the 79c90 core, along with all the other hardware support required, which allows a single-chip ethernet solution. The 79c961 (PCnet-ISA+) is a jumperless Plug and Play version of the '960. The final chip in the ISA series is the 79c961A (PCnet-ISA II), which adds full duplex capabilities. All cards with one of these chips should work with the lance.c driver, with the exception of very old cards that used the original 7990 in a shared memory configuration. These old cards can be spotted by the lack of jumpers for a DMA channel.
One common problem people have is the `busmaster arbitration failure' message. This is printed out when the LANCE driver can't get access to the bus after a reasonable amount of time has elapsed (50us). This usually indicates that the motherboard implementation of bus-mastering DMA is broken, or some other device is hogging the bus, or there is a DMA channel conflict. If your BIOS setup has the `GAT option' (for Guaranteed Access Time) then try toggling/altering that setting to see if it helps.
Also note that the driver only looks at the addresses:
0x300, 0x320, 0x340, 0x360 for a valid card, and any
address supplied by an ether= boot argument is silently
ignored (this will be fixed) so make sure your card is configured
for one of the above I/O addresses for now.
The driver will still work fine, even if more than 16MB of memory is installed, since low-memory `bounce-buffers' are used when needed (i.e. any data from above 16MB is copied into a buffer below 16MB before being given to the card to transmit.)
The DMA channel can be set with the low bits of the otherwise-unused dev->mem_start value (a.k.a. PARAM_1). (see PARAM_1) If unset it is probed for by enabling each free DMA channel in turn and checking if initialization succeeds.
The HP-J2405A board is an exception: with this board it's easy to read the EEPROM-set values for the IRQ, and DMA.
AMD 79C901 (Home PNA PHY)
Status: Supported, Driver Name: sis900
The sis900.txt file in 2.4 kernels states that
"AM79C901 HomePNA PHY is not thoroughly tested, there may
be some bugs in the "on the fly" change of transceiver."
so you may want to check that if using a newer kernel.
AMD 79C965 (PCnet-32)
Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet32
This is the PCnet-32 -- a 32 bit bus-master version of the
original LANCE chip for VL-bus and local bus systems.
chip. While these chips can be operated with the standard
lance.c driver, a 32 bit version (pcnet32.c) is
also available that does not have to concern itself with
any 16MB limitations associated with the ISA bus.
AMD 79C970/970A (PCnet-PCI)
Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet32
This is the PCnet-PCI -- similar to the PCnet-32, but designed for PCI bus based systems. Please see the above PCnet-32 information. This means that you need to build a kernel with PCI BIOS support enabled. The '970A adds full duplex support along with some other features to the original '970 design.
Note that the Boca implementation of the 79C970 fails on fast Pentium machines. This is a hardware problem, as it affects DOS users as well. See the Boca section for more details.
AMD 79C971 (PCnet-FAST)
Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet32
This is AMD's 100Mbit chip for PCI systems, which also supports full duplex operation. It was introduced in June 1996.
AMD 79C972 (PCnet-FAST+)
Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet32
This has been confirmed to work just like the '971.
AMD 79C974 (PCnet-SCSI)
Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet32
This is the PCnet-SCSI -- which is basically treated like a '970 from an Ethernet point of view. Also see the above information. Don't ask how well the SCSI half of the chip is supported -- this is the Ethernet-HowTo, not the SCSI-HowTo.
4.6 Ansel Communications
AC3200 EISA
Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ac3200
This EISA bus card is based on the common 8390
chip used in the ne2000 and wd80x3 cards.
Note that to access this driver during make config
you still have to answer `Y' when asked ``Prompt for
development and/or incomplete code/drivers?'' at
the first. This is simply due to lack of feedback on the
driver stability due to it being a relatively rare card.
Feedback has been low even though the driver has
been in the kernel since v1.1.25.
4.7 Apricot
Apricot Xen-II On Board Ethernet
Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: apricot
This on board ethernet uses an i82596 bus-master chip.
It can only be at I/O address 0x300.
By looking at the driver source,
it appears that the IRQ is also hardwired to 10.
Earlier versions of the driver had a tendency to think
that anything living at 0x300 was an apricot NIC.
Since then the hardware address is checked to avoid these
false detections.
4.8 Arcnet
Status: Supported, Driver Name: arcnet (arc-rimi, com90xx, com20020)
With the very low cost and better performance of ethernet, chances are that most places will be giving away their Arcnet hardware for free, resulting in a lot of home systems with Arcnet.
An advantage of Arcnet is that all of the cards have identical interfaces, so one driver will work for everyone. It also has built in error handling so that it supposedly never loses a packet. (Great for UDP traffic!) Note that the arcnet driver uses `arc0' as its name instead of the usual `eth0' for ethernet devices.
There are information files contained in the standard kernel for setting jumpers, general hints and where to mail bug reports.
Supposedly the driver also works with the 100Mbs ARCnet cards as well!
4.9 Boca Research
Yes, they make more than just multi-port serial cards.
Boca BEN400
Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne (+8390)
Apparently this is a NE2000 clone, using a VIA VT86C916 chip.
Boca BEN (ISA, VLB, PCI)
Status: Supported, Driver Name: lance, pcnet32
These cards are based on AMD's PCnet chips. Many people reported endless problems with these VLB/PCI cards. The problem was supposedly due to Boca not installing some capacitors that AMD recommended. (The older ISA cards don't appear to suffer the same problems.) Boca was offering a `warranty repair' for affected owners, which involved adding one of the missing capacitors, but it appears that this fix didn't work 100 percent for most people, although it helped some. The cards are so old now that it wouldn't be worth pursuing.
More general information on the AMD chips can be found in AMD LANCE.
4.10 Broadcom
Broadcom Tigon2
Status: Supported, Driver Name: acenic
Broadcom Tigon3
Status: Supported, Driver Name: tg3
4.11 Cabletron
Lack of programming information from Cabletron at the time drivers were being developed for these cards meant that the drivers were not supported as well as they could have been.
Apparently Cabletron has since changed their policy with respect to programming information (like Xircom). However, at this point in time, there is little demand for modified/updated drivers for the old E20xx and E21xx cards.
E10**, E10**-x, E20**, E20**-x
Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ne (+8390)
These are NEx000 almost-clones that are reported to work with the standard NEx000 drivers, thanks to a ctron-specific check during the probe.
E2100
Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: e2100 (+8390)
The E2100 is a poor design. Whenever it maps its shared memory in during a packet transfer, it maps it into the whole 128K region! That means you can't safely use another interrupt-driven shared memory device in that region, including another E2100. It will work most of the time, but every once in a while it will bite you. (Yes, this problem can be avoided by turning off interrupts while transferring packets, but that will almost certainly lose clock ticks.) Also, if you mis-program the board, or halt the machine at just the wrong moment, even the reset button won't bring it back. You will have to turn it off and leave it off for about 30 seconds.
Media selection is automatic, but you can override this
with the low bits of the dev->mem_end parameter.
See
PARAM_2. Module users
can specify an xcvr=N value as an option in
the /etc/modules.conf file.
Also, don't confuse the E2100 for a NE2100 clone. The E2100 is a shared memory NatSemi DP8390 design, roughly similar to a brain-damaged WD8013, whereas the NE2100 (and NE1500) use a bus-mastering AMD LANCE design.
If you intend on using this driver as a loadable module you should probably see Using the Ethernet Drivers as Modules for module specific information.
E22**
Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: lance
According to information in a Cabletron Tech Bulletin, these cards use the standard AMD PC-Net chipset (see AMD PC-Net) and should work with the generic lance driver.
4.12 Cogent
EM100-ISA/EISA
Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: smc9194
These cards use the SMC 91c100 chip and may work with the SMC 91c92 driver, but this has yet to be verified.
Cogent eMASTER+, EM100-PCI, EM400, EM960, EM964
Status: Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip
These are yet another DEC 21040 implementation that should hopefully work fine with the standard 21040 driver.
The EM400 and the EM964 are four port cards using a DEC 21050 bridge and 4 21040 chips.
See DEC 21040 for more information on these cards, and the present driver situation.
4.13 Compaq
Compaq aren't really in the business of making ethernet cards, but a lot of their systems have embedded ethernet controllers on the motherboard.
Compaq Deskpro / Compaq XL (Embedded AMD Chip)
Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet32
Machines such as the XL series have an AMD 79c97x PCI chip on the mainboard that can be used with the standard LANCE driver. But before you can use it, you have to do some trickery to get the PCI BIOS to a place where Linux can see it. Frank Maas was kind enough to provide the details:
`` The problem with this Compaq machine however is that the PCI directory is loaded in high memory, at a spot where the Linux kernel can't (won't) reach. Result: the card is never detected nor is it usable (sideline: the mouse won't work either) The workaround (as described thoroughly in http://www-c724.uibk.ac.at/XL/) is to load MS-DOS, launch a little driver Compaq wrote and then load the Linux kernel using LOADLIN. Ok, I'll give you time to say `yuck, yuck', but for now this is the only working solution I know of. The little driver simply moves the PCI directory to a place where it is normally stored (and where Linux can find it).''
The DOS utility movepci.exe is apparently in Compaq's
support package SP1599.EXE if you still need it.
More general information on the AMD chips can be found in AMD LANCE.
Compaq Nettelligent/NetFlex (Embedded ThunderLAN Chip)
Status: Supported, Driver Name: tlan
These systems use a Texas Instruments ThunderLAN chip Information on the ThunderLAN driver can be found in ThunderLAN.
Compaq PCI card
Status: Supported, Driver Name: eepro100
Check your card - if it has part number 323551-821 and/or an intel 82558 chip on it then it is another Intel EEPro100 based card.
4.14 Danpex
Danpex EN9400
Status: Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip
Yet another card based on the DEC 21040 chip, reported to work fine, and at a relatively cheap price.
See DEC 21040 for more information on these cards, and the present driver situation.
4.15 Davicom
Davicom DM9102
Status: Supported, Driver Name: tulip, dmfe
This is an almost clone of the tulip chip and so you can use the tulip driver or the vendor supplied dmfe driver. Usual advice is to try tulip first, and then try dmfe. Apparently dmfe is only better for very very old cards.
4.16 D-Link
DE-100, DE-200, DE-220-T, DE-250
Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne (+8390)
Some of the early D-Link cards didn't have the 0x57
PROM signature, but the ne2000 driver knows about them.
For the software configurable cards, you can get the
config program from www.dlink.com.
Note that there are also cards from
Digital (DEC) that are also named DE100 and DE200,
but the similarity stops there.
DE-520
Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet32
This is a PCI card using the PCI version of AMD's LANCE chip. DMA selection and chip numbering information can be found in AMD LANCE.
DE-528
Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne, ne2k-pci (+8390)
Apparently D-Link have also started making PCI NE2000 clones.
DE-530
Status: Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip
This is a generic DEC 21040 PCI chip implementation, and is reported to work with the generic 21040 tulip driver. Note that this is NOT the DFE-530.
See DEC 21040 for more information on these cards, and the present driver situation.
DE-600
Status: Supported, Driver Name: de600
The DE600 is an old parallel port ethernet
adaptor made for laptop users etc.
Expect about 180kb/s transfer speed from this device.
You should read the README.DLINK
file in the kernel source tree.
Note that the device name that you pass to ifconfig
is now eth0 and not the previously
used dl0.
DE-620
Status: Supported, Driver Name: de620
Similar to the the DE-600, only with two output formats. See the above information on the DE-600.
DE-650
Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet_cs
Some people have been using this PCMCIA card for some time now with their notebooks. It is a basic 8390 design, much like a NE2000. The LinkSys PCMCIA card and the IC-Card Ethernet are supposedly DE-650 clones as well.
DFE-530TX
Status Supported, Driver Name: via-rhine
Another card using the VIA Rhine chipset. Newer cards use the Rhine-II. (see VIA Rhine) Don't confuse this with the DE-530 which is a tulip based card, or the DFE-530+ which is an 8139.
DFE-530TX+, DFE-538TX
Status Supported, Driver Name: 8139too, rtl8139(old)
This card uses the RealTek 8139 chip - see the section RealTek 8139.
DFE-550TX
Status Supported, Driver Name: sundance
DFE-570TX
Status Supported, Driver Name: tulip
This is a four port tulip (DS21143) card.
DFE-580TX
Status Supported, Driver Name: sundance
DGE-500T
Status: Supported, Driver Name: ns83820
DGE-550T
Status Supported, Driver Name: dl2k
4.17 DFI
DFINET-300 and DFINET-400
Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne (+8390)
Yet another poor NE clone card - these
use `DFI' in the first 3 bytes of the prom, instead
of using 0x57 in bytes 14 and 15, which is what all the
NE1000 and NE2000 cards should use. (The 300 is an 8 bit
pseudo NE1000 clone, and the 400 is a pseudo NE2000 clone.)
4.18 Digital / DEC
DEPCA, DE100/1, DE200/1/2, DE210, DE422
Status: Supported, Driver Name: depca
There is documentation included in the source file
`depca.c', which includes info on how to use more than
one of these cards in a machine. Note that the DE422 is
an EISA card. These cards are all based on the AMD LANCE chip.
See
AMD LANCE for more info.
A maximum of two of the ISA cards can be used, because they
can only be set for 0x300 and 0x200 base I/O address.
If you are intending to do this, please read the notes in
the driver source file depca.c in the standard kernel
source tree.
This driver will also work on Alpha CPU based machines, and there are various ioctl()s that the user can play with.
Digital EtherWorks 3 (DE203, DE204, DE205)
Status: Supported, Driver Name: ewrk3
These cards use a proprietary
chip from DEC, as opposed to the LANCE chip used in the
earlier cards like the DE200. These cards support both shared
memory or programmed I/O, although you take about a 50%performance hit if you use PIO mode. The shared memory size can
be set to 2kB, 32kB or 64kB, but only 2 and 32 have been tested
with this driver. David says that the performance is virtually
identical between the 2kB and 32kB mode. There is more information
(including using the driver as a loadable module) at the top
of the driver file ewrk3.c and also in README.ewrk3.
Both of these files come with the standard kernel distribution.
This driver has Alpha CPU support like depca.c does.
The standard driver has a number of interesting ioctl() calls that can be used to get or clear packet statistics, read/write the EEPROM, change the hardware address, and the like. Hackers can see the source code for more info on that one.
David has also written a configuration utility for this
card (along the lines of the DOS program NICSETUP.EXE)
along with other tools. These can be found on
most Linux FTP sites in the directory
/pub/Linux/system/Network/management -- look for the
file ewrk3tools-X.XX.tar.gz.
DE425 EISA, DE434, DE435, DE500
Status: Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip
These cards are based on the 21040 chip mentioned below.
The DE500 uses the 21140 chip to provide 10/100Mbs
ethernet connections.
Have a read of the 21040 section below for extra info.
There are also some compile-time options available for
non-DEC cards using this driver. Have a look at
README.de4x5 for details.
All the Digital cards will autoprobe for their media (except, temporarily, the DE500 due to a patent issue).
This driver is also Alpha CPU ready and supports being loaded as a module. Users can access the driver internals through ioctl() calls - see the 'ewrk3' tools and the de4x5.c sources for information about how to do this.
DEC 21040, 21041, 2114x, Tulip
Status: Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip
The DEC 21040 is a bus-mastering single chip ethernet solution from Digital, similar to AMD's PCnet chip. The 21040 is specifically designed for the PCI bus architecture. Apparently these chips are no longer being produced, as Intel has bought the semiconductor portion of DEC and is favouring their own ethernet chip(s).
You have a choice of two drivers for cards based on this chip. There is the DE425 driver discussed above, and the generic 21040 `tulip' driver.
Warning: Even though your card may be based upon this chip, the drivers may not work for you. David C. Davies writes:
``There are no guarantees that either `tulip.c' OR `de4x5.c' will run any DC2114x based card other than those they've been written to support. WHY?? You ask. Because there is a register, the General Purpose Register (CSR12) that (1) in the DC21140A is programmable by each vendor and they all do it differently (2) in the DC21142/3 this is now an SIA control register (a la DC21041). The only small ray of hope is that we can decode the SROM to help set up the driver. However, this is not a guaranteed solution since some vendors (e.g. SMC 9332 card) don't follow the Digital Semiconductor recommended SROM programming format."
In non-technical terms, this means that if you aren't sure that an unknown card with a DC2114x chip will work with the linux driver(s), then make sure you can return the card to the place of purchase before you pay for it.
The 21041 chip is also found in place of the 21040
on most of the later SMC EtherPower cards.
The 21140 is for supporting 100Base-T and
works with the Linux drivers for the 21040 chip.
To use David's de4x5 driver with non-DEC cards, have a
look at README.de4x5 for details.
If you are having trouble with the tulip driver, you can try the newest version from Donald's ftp/WWW site.
There is also a (non-exhaustive) list of various cards/vendors that use the 21040 chip.
4.19 Farallon
Farallon sells EtherWave adaptors and transceivers. This device allows multiple 10baseT devices to be daisy-chained.
Farallon Etherwave
Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c509
This is reported to be a 3c509 clone that includes the EtherWave transceiver. People have used these successfully with Linux and the present 3c509 driver. They are too expensive for general use, but are a great option for special cases. Hublet prices start at $125, and Etherwave adds $75-$100 to the price of the board -- worth it if you have pulled one wire too few, but not if you are two network drops short.
Farallon PCI 593
Status: Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip
It has been reported that this card was detected with
the de4x5 driver.
4.20 Fujitsu
Unlike many network chip manufacturers, Fujitsu have also made and sold some network cards based upon their chip.
Fujitsu FMV-181/182/183/184
Status: Supported, Driver Name: at1700, fmv18x(old)
According to the driver, these cards are a straight forward Fujitsu MB86965 implementation, which would make them very similar to the Allied Telesis AT1700 cards.
Older kernels used the driver fmv18x but support for
these cards was added to the at1700 driver and so
the former has been phased out.
4.21 Hewlett Packard
HP Night Director+ 10/100
Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet32
Apparently these cards use the AMD 79C972 chip.
27245A
Status: Supported, Driver Name: hp (+8390)
8 bit 8390 based 10BaseT, not recommended for all the 8 bit reasons.
HP EtherTwist, PC Lan+ (27247, 27248, 27252A, 27269B)
Status: Supported, Driver Name: hp+ (+8390)
The HP PC Lan+ is different to the standard HP PC Lan card. It can be operated in either a PIO mode like a ne2000, or a shared memory mode like a wd8013.
HP-J2405A
Status: Supported, Driver Name: lance
These are lower priced, and slightly faster than the 27247/27252A, but are missing some features, such as AUI, ThinLAN connectivity, and boot PROM socket. This is a fairly generic LANCE design, but a minor design decision makes it incompatible with a generic `NE2100' driver. Special support for it (including reading the DMA channel from the board) is included thanks to information provided by HP's Glenn Talbott.
HP-Vectra On Board Ethernet
Status: Supported, Driver Name: lance
The HP-Vectra has an AMD PCnet chip on the motherboard. DMA selection and chip numbering information can be found in AMD LANCE.
HP 10/100 VG Any Lan Cards (27248B, J2573, J2577, J2585, J970, J973)
Status: Supported, Driver Name: hp100
This driver also supports some of the Compex VG products.
Since the driver supports ISA, EISA and PCI cards, it
is found under ISA cards when running make config
on a kernel source.
HP NetServer 10/100TX PCI (D5013A)
Status: Supported, Driver Name: eepro100
Apparently these are just a rebadged Intel EtherExpress Pro 10/100B card. See the Intel section for more information.
4.22 IBM / International Business Machines
IBM Thinkpad 300
Status: Obsolete, Driver Name: znet
This is intel i82593 based. It has been declared obsolete in the 2.4 series kernels.
IBM Credit Card Adaptor for Ethernet
Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: pcnet_cs
IBM 10/100 EtherJet PCI
Status: Supported, Driver Name: eepro100
This card is reported to be compatible with the Intel EtherExpress Pro 100 driver.
IBM Token Ring
Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ibmtr
To support token ring requires more than only writing a device driver, it also requires writing the source routing routines for token ring. It is the source routing that would be the most time comsuming to write.
Initial driver development was done with IBM ISA and MCA token ring cards, and tested on an MCA 16/4 Megabit Token Ring board, but it should work with other Tropic based boards.
4.23 ICL Ethernet Cards
ICL EtherTeam 16i/32
Status: Supported, Driver Name: eth16i
This driver supports both the ISA (16i) and EISA (32) versions of the card. It uses the Fujitsu MB86965 chip that is also used on the at1700 cards.
4.24 Intel Ethernet Cards
Note that the naming of the various Intel cards is ambiguous
and confusing at best. If in doubt, then check the i8xxxx
number on the main chip on the card or for PCI cards, use the
PCI information in the /proc directory and then
compare that to the numbers listed here. Finally, there was
a page at http://support.intel.com in the network area that
may also be some help if you don't know what card you have.
Ether Express
Status: Supported, Driver Name: eexpress
This card uses the intel i82586. Earlier versions of this driver (in v1.2 kernels) were classed as alpha-test, as it didn't work well for most people. The driver in the v2.0 kernel seems to work much better for those who have tried it, although the driver source still lists it as experimental and more problematic on faster machines.
The comments at the top of the
driver source list some of the problems (and fixes!) associated
with these cards. The slowdown hack of replacing all the outb
with outb_p in the driver has been reported to avoid lockups
for at least one user. Also check that the size of the RAM
buffer reported by the driver matches what the Intel configuration
utility reports.
Ether Express PRO/10 (PRO/10+)
Status: Supported, Driver Name: eepro
Bao Chau Ha has written a driver for these cards that has been included into early 1.3.x kernels. It may also work with some of the Compaq built-in ethernet systems that are based on the i82595 chip. You may have to use the configuration utility that came with the card to disable PnP support where applicable.
Ether Express PRO/10 PCI (EISA)
Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ? (distributed separately)
There is a driver for the PCI version that is distributed separately from the default kernel. These cards use the PLX9036 PCI interface chip with the Intel i82596 LAN controller chip. If your card has the i82557 chip, then you don't have this card, but rather the version discussed next, and hence want the EEPro100 driver instead.
You can get the alpha driver for the PRO/10 PCI card, along with instructions on how to use it at:
If you have the EISA card, you will probably have to hack the driver a bit to account for the different (PCI vs. EISA) detection mechanisms that are used in each case.
Ether Express PRO 10/100B
Status: Supported, Driver Name: e100, or eepro100
The e100 driver was supplied by intel, and the eepro100 driver is the original driver by Donald. Note that the eepro100 driver will not work with the older 100A cards. The chip numbers listed in the driver are i82557, i82558, i82559, i82801, and about 25 other PCI IDs. For driver updates and/or driver support, have a look at:
E1000 Gigabit
Status: Supported, Driver Name: e1000
4.25 Kingston
Kingston make various cards, including NE2000+, AMD PCnet based cards, and DEC tulip based cards. Most of these cards should work fine with their respective driver. See Kingston Web Page
4.26 LinkSys
LinkSys make a handful of different NE2000 clones, some straight
ISA cards, some ISA plug and play and some even ne2000-PCI clones
based on one of the supported ne2000-PCI chipsets. There are
just too many models to list here.
Their site is at http://www.linksys.com/
LinkSys Etherfast 10/100 Cards.
Status: Supported, Driver Name: tulip
Note that with these cards there have been several `revisions' (i.e. different chipset used) all with the same card name. The 1st used the DEC chipset. The 2nd revision used the Lite-On PNIC 82c168 PCI Network Interface Controller, the 3rd revision of the card uses a LinkSys 82c169 NIC chip, and the 4th revision uses the ADMtek Comet. Support for the latter three has been merged into the standard tulip driver -- you may need a driver upgrade to get support for them depending on how old your current driver version is.
More PNIC information is available at:
http://www.scyld.com/network
More information on the various versions of these cards can be found at the LinkSys WWW site mentioned above.
LinkSys Pocket Ethernet Adapter Plus (PEAEPP)
Status: Supported, Driver Name: de620
This is supposedly a DE-620 clone, and is reported to work well with that driver. See DE-620 for more information.
LinkSys PCMCIA Adaptor
Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet_cs
This is supposed to be a re-badged DE-650.
4.27 Microdyne (Eagle)
Eagle Technology (aka Novell cards) was sold to Microdyne.
If you can't find your card listed here, check the Novell
section of this document.
While Microdyne are not actively selling network cards anymore,
there is still some stuff relating to their products on their site
at ftp.microdyne.com
Microdyne Exos 205T
Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ?
Another i82586 based card. Dirk Niggemann
dirk-n@dircon.co.uk
has written a driver that he classes as ``pre-alpha''
that he would like people to test. Mail him for more details.
4.28 Mylex
Mylex can be reached at the following numbers, in case anyone wants to ask them anything.
MYLEX CORPORATION, Fremont
Sales: 800-77-MYLEX, (510) 796-6100
FAX: (510) 745-8016.
They also have a web site: Mylex WWW Site
Mylex LNE390A, LNE390B
Status: Supported, Driver Name: lne390 (+8390)
These are fairly old EISA cards that make use of a shared memory implementation similar to the wd80x3. A driver for these cards is available in the current 2.1.x series of kernels. Ensure you set the shared memory address below 1MB or above the highest address of the physical RAM installed in the machine.
Mylex LNP101
Status: Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip
This is a PCI card that is based on DEC's 21040 chip. It is selectable between 10BaseT, 10Base2 and 10Base5 output. The LNP101 card has been verified to work with the generic 21040 driver.
See the section on the 21040 chip ( DEC 21040) for more information.
Mylex LNP104
Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip
The LNP104 uses the DEC 21050 chip to deliver four independent 10BaseT ports. It should work with recent 21040 drivers that know how to share IRQs, but nobody has reported trying it yet (that I am aware of).
4.29 Myson
Myson MTD-8xx 10/100 PCI
Status: Supported, Driver Name: fealnx
Apparently cards sold under the name Surecom EP-320X-S also use this Myson chip.
4.30 National Semiconductor
National Semiconductor really make chips, not cards. Other people take their chips, solder them down to a bit of fibreglass with some other cruft, put their name on it and sell it to you.
NS8390, DP8390, DP83905 etc.
Status: Supported, Driver Name: 8390
The infamous 8390 chip. Found on a zillion ISA cards,
and cloned by various other chip manufacturers.
Note that the file 8390.o is not a complete driver in itself.
It has to be used in conjunction with another driver that
knows how the 8390 is interfaced to the computer bus.
Examples of the 2nd half of the driver are wd.o,
3c503.o, smc-ultra.o, ne2k-pci.o and so on.
DP83800 with DP83840
Status: Not Supported.
See the section for NE 10/100 below.
DP83815/83816
Status: Supported, Driver Name: natsemi
http://www.scyld.com/network/natsemi.html
This driver can be found in 2.4 and newer kernels.
NS83820, DP83820
Status: Supported, Driver Name: ns83820
The 83820 is a 10/100/1000 Mbps 64 bit PCI ethernet NIC, and the 83821 is a 32 bit PCI part (but it appears that the parts are identical and the EEPROM is supposed to set the data path width). Just like the 8390, you won't usually see this number unless you look at the chip on the card.
4.31 Novell Ethernet, NExxxx and associated clones.
The prefix `NE' came from Novell Ethernet. Novell followed the cheapest NatSemi databook design and sold the manufacturing rights (spun off?) Eagle, just to get reasonably-priced ethercards into the market. (The now ubiquitous NE2000 card.)
NE1000, NE2000
Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne (+8390)
The ne2000 is now a generic name for a bare-bones design around the NatSemi 8390 chip. They use programmed I/O rather than shared memory, leading to easier installation but slightly lower performance and a few problems. Some of the more common problems that arise with NE2000 cards are listed in Problems with...
Some NE2000 clones use the National Semiconductor `AT/LANTic' 83905 chip, which offers a shared memory mode similar to the wd8013 and EEPROM software configuration. The shared memory mode will offer less CPU usage (i.e. more efficient) than the programmed I/O mode.
In general it is not a good idea to put a NE2000
clone at I/O address 0x300 because nearly
every device driver probes there at boot. Some
poor NE2000 clones don't take kindly to being prodded
in the wrong areas, and will respond by locking your
machine. Also 0x320 is bad because SCSI drivers
probe into 0x330.
Donald has written a NE2000 diagnostic program (ne2k.c) for all ne2000 cards. See Diagnostic Programs for more information.
If you intend on using this driver as a loadable module you should probably see Using the Ethernet Drivers as Modules for module specific information.
NE2000-PCI (RealTek/Winbond/Compex)
Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne, ne2k-pci (+8390)
Yes, believe it or not, people are making PCI cards based on the more than ten year old interface design of the ne2000. At the moment nearly all of these cards are based on the RealTek 8029 chip, or the Winbond 89c940 chip. The Compex, KTI, VIA and Netvin cards apparently also use these chips, but have a different PCI ID.
The latest v2.0 kernel has support to automatically detect all
these cards and use them. (If you are using a kernel v2.0.34 or
older, you should upgrade to ensure your card will be detected.)
There are now two drivers to choose from; the original ISA/PCI
ne.c driver, and a relatively new PCI-only ne2k-pci.c
driver.
To use the original ISA/PCI driver you have to say `Y' to
the `Other ISA cards' option when running make config as
you are actually using the same NE2000 driver as the ISA cards
use. (That should also give you a hint that these cards aren't
anywhere as intelligent as say a PCNet-PCI or DEC 21040 card...)
The newer PCI-only driver differs from the ISA/PCI driver in that all the support for old NE1000 8 bit cards has been removed and that data is moved to/from the card in bigger blocks, without any intervening pauses that the older ISA-NE2000's required for reliable operation. The result is a driver that is slightly smaller and slightly more efficient, but don't get too excited as the difference will not be obvious under normal use. (If you really wanted maximum efficiency/low CPU use, then a PCI-NE2000 is simply a very poor choice.) Driver updates and more information can be found at:
http://www.scyld.com/network
If you have a NE2000 PCI card that is not detected by
the most current version of the driver, please contact the
maintainer of the NE2000 driver as listed
in /usr/src/linux/MAINTAINERS along with the output
from a cat /proc/pci and dmesg so that
support for your card can also be added to the driver.
Also note that various card makers have been known to put `NE2000 Compatible' stickers on their product boxes even when it is completely different (e.g. PCNet-PCI or RealTek 8139). If in doubt check the main chip number against this document.
NE-10/100
Status: Not Supported.
These are ISA 100Mbps cards based on the National Semiconductor DP83800 and DP83840 chips. There is currently no driver support, nor has anyone reported that they are working on a driver. Apparently documentation on the chip is unavailable with the exception of a single PDF file that doesn't give enough details for a driver.
NE1500, NE2100
Status: Supported, Driver Name: lance
These cards use the original 7990 LANCE chip from AMD and are supported using the Linux lance driver. Newer NE2100 clones use the updated PCnet/ISA chip from AMD.
Some earlier versions of the lance driver had problems with getting the IRQ line via autoIRQ from the original Novell/Eagle 7990 cards. Hopefully this is now fixed. If not, then specify the IRQ via LILO, and let us know that it still has problems.
DMA selection and chip numbering information can be found in AMD LANCE.
NE/2 MCA
Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ne2
There were a few NE2000 microchannel cards made by various companies. This driver, available in v2.2 kernels, will detect the following MCA cards: Novell Ethernet Adapter NE/2, Compex ENET-16 MC/P, and the Arco Ethernet Adapter AE/2.
NE3200
Status: Not Supported.
While there is no driver support in the current 2.4 kernel,
Rask Ingemann Lambertsen has been playing around with an
old EISA machine and had an experimental driver at:
http://vip.cybercity.dk/~ccc94453/linux/ne3200/
NE3210
Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne3210 (+8390)
This EISA card is completely different from the NE3200, as it uses a Nat Semi 8390 chip. The driver can be found in the v2.2 kernel source tree. Ensure you set the shared memory address below 1MB or above the highest address of the physical RAM installed in the machine.
NE4100
Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet_cs
NE5500
Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet32
These are just AMD PCnet-PCI cards ('970A) chips. More information on LANCE/PCnet based cards can be found in AMD LANCE.
4.32 Netgear
Netgear FA-311
Status: Supported, Driver Name: natsemi
Netgear GA-620
Status: Supported, Driver Name: acenic
Netgear GA-621
Status: Supported, Driver Name: ns83820
4.33 Proteon
Proteon P1370-EA
Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne (+8390)
Apparently this is a NE2000 clone, and works fine with Linux.
Proteon P1670-EA
Status: Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip
This is yet another PCI card that is based on DEC's Tulip chip. It has been reported to work fine with Linux.
See the section on the 21040 chip ( DEC 21040) for more driver information.
4.34 Pure Data
PDUC8028, PDI8023
Status: Supported, Driver Name: wd (+8390)
The PureData PDUC8028 and PDI8023 series of cards are
`almost clones' of the wd80x3 cards - there is
special code in the wd.c driver to probe for
these cards.
4.35 Racal-Interlan
Racal Interlan can be reached via WWW at
www.interlan.com. I believe they were also known as
MiCom-Interlan at one point in the past.
ES3210
Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: es3210
This is an EISA 8390 based shared memory card. An experimetal
driver is shipped with v2.2 kernels and it is reported to
work fine, but the EISA IRQ and shared memory address detection
appears not to work with (at least) the early revision cards.
(This problem is not unique to the Linux world either...)
In that case, you have to supply them to the driver.
For example, card at IRQ 5 and shared memory 0xd0000,
with a modular driver, add
options es3210 irq=5 mem=0xd0000 to /etc/modules.conf.
Or with the driver compiled into the kernel, supply at
boot ether=5,0,0xd0000,eth0
The I/O base is automatically detected
and hence a value of zero should be used.
NI5010
Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ni5010
You used to have to go get the driver for these old 8 bit MiCom-Interlan cards separately, but now it is shipped with the v2.2 kernels as an experimental driver.
NI5210
Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ni52
This card also uses one of the Intel chips. Michael Hipp has written a driver for this card. It is included in the standard kernel as an `alpha' driver. Michael would like to hear feedback from users that have this card. See Alpha Drivers for important information on using alpha-test ethernet drivers with Linux.
NI6510 (not EB)
Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ni65
There is also a driver for the LANCE based NI6510, and it is also written by Michael Hipp. Again, it is also an `alpha' driver. For some reason, this card is not compatible with the generic LANCE driver. See Alpha Drivers for important information on using alpha-test ethernet drivers with Linux.
EtherBlaster (aka NI6510EB)
Status: Supported, Driver Name: lance
As of kernel 1.3.23, the generic LANCE driver had a check
added to it for the 0x52, 0x44 NI6510EB specific signature.
Others have reported that this signature is not the same
for all NI6510EB cards however, which will cause the lance
driver to not detect your card. If this happens to you, you
can change the probe (at about line 322 in lance.c) to printk()
out what the values are for your card and then use them instead
of the 0x52, 0x44 defaults.
The cards should probably be run in `high-performance' mode and not in the NI6510 compatible mode when using the lance driver.
4.36 RealTek
RealTek RTL8002/8012 (AT-Lan-Tec) Pocket adaptor
Status: Supported, Driver Name: atp
This is a generic, low-cost OEM pocket adaptor being sold by AT-Lan-Tec, and (likely) a number of other suppliers. A driver for it is included in the standard kernel. Note that there is substantial information contained in the driver source file `atp.c'.
Note that the device name that you pass to ifconfig
was not eth0 but atp0 for earlier versions
of this driver.
RealTek 8008
Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne, wd (+8390)
This chip has been reported to behave similar to the AT/LANTIC in that it can be set for ne/PIO or wd/MMIO modes of operation via the vendor supplied software (SET8008R).
RealTek 8009
Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne (+8390)
This is an ISA NE2000 clone, and is reported to work fine with
the linux NE2000 driver.
The rset8009.exe program can be obtained from RealTek's
WWW site at http://www.realtek.com.tw - or via ftp
from the same site.
RealTek 8019
Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne (+8390)
This is a Plug and Pray version of the above. Use the DOS
software to disable PnP and enable jumperless configuration;
set the card to a sensible I/O address and IRQ and you should
be ready to go. (If using the driver as a module, don't forget
to add an io=0xNNN option to /etc/modules.conf).
The rset8019.exe program can be obtained from RealTek's
WWW site at http://www.realtek.com.tw - or via ftp
from the same site.
RealTek 8029
Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne, ne2k-pci (+8390)
This is a PCI single chip implementation of a NE2000 clone. Various vendors are now selling cards with this chip. See NE2000-PCI for information on using any of these cards. Note that this is still a 10+ year old design just glued onto a PCI bus. Performance won't be staggeringly better than the equivalent ISA model.
RealTek 8129/8139
Status: Supported, Driver Name: 8139too, rtl8139(old)
Another PCI single chip ethernet solution from RealTek.
A driver for cards based upon this chip was included
in the v2.0.34 release of linux. The driver is called
8139too in recent kernels.
In older kernels, the driver was called rtl8139
and you generally had to to answer `Y' when asked if you want
experimental drivers to get access to this driver.
4.37 Sager
Sager NP943
Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: 3c501
This is just a 3c501 clone, with a different S.A. PROM prefix. I assume it is equally as brain dead as the original 3c501 as well. The driver checks for the NP943 I.D. and then just treats it as a 3c501 after that. See 3Com 3c501 for all the reasons as to why you really don't want to use one of these cards.
4.38 Schneider & Koch
SK G16
Status: Obsolete, Driver Name: sk_g16
This driver was included into the v1.1 kernels, and it was written by PJD Weichmann and SWS Bern. It appears that the SK G16 is similar to the NI6510, in that it is based on the first edition LANCE chip (the 7990). Once again, it appears as though this card won't work with the generic LANCE driver.
It was marked obsolete as of the 2.4 series kernels.
4.39 SEEQ
SEEQ 8005
Status: Obsolete, Driver Name: seeq8005
There is little information about the card included in the driver, and hence little information to be put here. If you have a question, you are probably best trying to e-mail the driver author as listed in the source.
It was marked obsolete as of the 2.4 series kernels.
4.40 SiS (Silicon Integrated Systems)
SiS have long been in the business of making motherboard chipsets even back in the 386 days. Now they also have some ethernet chips that are quite common as well.
SiS 900 (7016, 630E, 962)
Status: Supported, Driver Name: sis900
This device can be found as a standalone PCI card, or as built-in on the motherboard. The driver has been present since late 2.2 kernels.
4.41 SMC (Standard Microsystems Corp.)
The ethernet part of Western Digital was bought out by SMC many years ago when the wd8003 and wd8013 were the main product. Since then SMC has continued making 8390 based ISA cards (Elite16, Ultra, EtherEZ) and also added several PCI products to their range.
Contact information for SMC:
SMC / Standard Microsystems Corp., 80 Arkay Drive, Hauppage, New York,
11788, USA. Technical Support via phone: 800-992-4762 (USA) or
800-433-5345 (Canada) or 516-435-6250 (Other Countries).
Literature requests: 800-SMC-4-YOU (USA) or 800-833-4-SMC (Canada)
or 516-435-6255 (Other Countries). Technical Support via E-mail:
techsupt@ccmail.west.smc.com. FTP Site: ftp.smc.com.
WWW Site:
SMC.
WD8003, SMC Elite
Status: Supported, Driver Name: wd (+8390)
These are the 8-bit versions of the card. The
8 bit 8003 is slightly less expensive, but only
worth the savings for light use. Note that some
of the non-EEPROM cards (clones with jumpers, or
old old old wd8003 cards) have no way of reporting
the IRQ line used. In this case, auto-irq is used, and if
that fails, the driver silently assings IRQ 5.
You can get the SMC setup/driver disks from SMC's ftp site.
Note that some of the
newer SMC `SuperDisk' programs will fail to detect
the real old EEPROM-less cards. The file SMCDSK46.EXE
seems to be a good all-round choice. Also the jumper
settings for all their cards are in an ASCII text file in the
aforementioned archive. The latest (greatest?) version
can be obtained from ftp.smc.com.
As these are basically the same as their 16 bit counterparts (WD8013 / SMC Elite16), you should see the next section for more information.
WD8013, SMC Elite16
Status: Supported, Driver Name: wd (+8390)
Over the years the design has added more registers and an EEPROM. (The first wd8003 cards appeared about ten years ago!) Clones usually go by the `8013' name, and usually use a non-EEPROM (jumpered) design. Late model SMC cards will have the SMC 83c690 chip instead of the original Nat Semi DP8390 found on earlier cards. The shared memory design makes the cards a bit faster than PIO cards, especially with larger packets. More importantly, from the driver's point of view, it avoids a few bugs in the programmed-I/O mode of the 8390, allows safe multi-threaded access to the packet buffer, and it doesn't have a programmed-I/O data register that hangs your machine during warm-boot probes.
Non-EEPROM cards that can't just read the selected IRQ will attempt auto-irq, and if that fails, they will silently assign IRQ 10. (8 bit versions will assign IRQ 5)
Cards with a non standard amount of memory on board can
have the memory size specified at boot (or as an option
in /etc/modules.conf if using modules).
The standard memory size is
8kB for an 8bit card and 16kB for a 16bit card.
For example, the older WD8003EBT cards could be jumpered
for 32kB memory. To make full use of that RAM, you would
use something like (for I/O=0x280 and IRQ 9):
LILO: linux ether=9,0x280,0xd0000,0xd8000,eth0
Also see 8013 problems for some of the more common problems and frequently asked questions that pop up often.
If you intend on using this driver as a loadable module you should probably see Using the Ethernet Drivers as Modules for module specific information.
SMC Elite Ultra
Status: Supported, Driver Name: smc-ultra (+8390)
This ethercard is based on the 83c790 chip from SMC, which has a few new features over the 83c690. While it has a mode that is similar to the older SMC ethercards, it's not entirely compatible with the old WD80*3 drivers. However, in this mode it shares most of its code with the other 8390 drivers, while operating slightly faster than a WD8013 clone.
Since part of the Ultra looks like an 8013, the Ultra probe is supposed to find an Ultra before the wd8013 probe has a chance to mistakenly identify it.
Donald mentioned that it is possible to write a separate driver for the Ultra's `Altego' mode which allows chaining transmits at the cost of inefficient use of receive buffers, but that will probably not happen.
Bus-Master SCSI host adaptor users take note: In the manual that ships with Interactive UNIX, it mentions that a bug in the SMC Ultra will cause data corruption with SCSI disks being run from an aha-154X host adaptor. This will probably bite aha-154X compatible cards, such as the BusLogic boards, and the AMI-FastDisk SCSI host adaptors as well.
SMC has acknowledged the problem occurs with
Interactive, and older Windows NT drivers. It is
a hardware conflict with early revisions of the card
that can be worked around in the driver design. The current
Ultra driver protects against this by only enabling the
shared memory during data transfers with the card. Make sure
your kernel version is at least 1.1.84, or that the driver
version reported at boot is at least smc-ultra.c:v1.12
otherwise you are vulnerable.
If you intend on using this driver as a loadable module you should probably see Using the Ethernet Drivers as Modules for module specific information.
SMC Elite Ultra32 EISA
Status: Supported, Driver Name: smc-ultra32 (+8390)
This EISA card shares a lot in common with its ISA counterpart. A working (and stable) driver is included in both v2.0 and v2.2 kernels. Thanks go to Leonard Zubkoff for purchasing some of these cards so that linux support could be added for them.
SMC EtherEZ (8416)
Status: Supported, Driver Name: smc-ultra (+8390)
This card uses SMC's 83c795 chip and supports the Plug 'n Play specification. It also has an SMC Ultra compatible mode, which allows it to be used with the Linux Ultra driver. For best results, use the SMC supplied program (avail. from their www/ftp site) to disable PnP and configure it for shared memory mode. See the above information for notes on the Ultra driver.
For v1.2 kernels, the card had to be configured for shared memory operation. However v2.0 kernels can use the card in shared memory or programmed I/O mode. Shared memory mode will be slightly faster, and use less CPU resources as well.
SMC EtherPower PCI (8432)
Status: Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip
NB: The EtherPower II is an entirely different card. See
below!
These cards are
a basic DEC 21040 implementation, i.e. one big chip
and a couple of transceivers. Donald has used one
of these cards for his development of the generic
21040 driver (aka tulip.c). Thanks to Duke Kamstra,
once again, for supplying a card to do development on.
Some of the later revisons of this card use the newer DEC 21041 chip, which may cause problems with older versions of the tulip driver. If you have problems, make sure you are using the latest driver release, which may not yet be included in the current kernel source tree.
See DEC 21040 for more details on using one of these cards, and the current status of the driver.
Apparently, the latest revision of the card, the EtherPower-II uses the 9432 chip. It is unclear at the moment if this one will work with the present driver. As always, if unsure, check that you can return the card if it doesn't work with the linux driver before paying for the card.
SMC EtherPower II PCI (9432)
Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: epic100
These cards, based upon the SMC 83c170 chip, are entirely different than the Tulip based cards. A new driver has been included in kernels v2.0 and v2.2 to support these cards. For more details, see:
http://www.scyld.com/network
SMC 1211TX 10/100
Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: 8139too, rtl8139(old)
Apparently SMC is no longer the same company that brought you cards like the Ultra and the EPIC. The chip design part is now called SMSC and you will see the SMC name stuck on low end OEM boards like this one - a RealTek 8139 with a modified EEPROM.
SMC 3008
Status: Not Supported.
These 8 bit cards are based on the Fujitsu MB86950, which is an ancient version of the MB86965 used in the Linux at1700 driver. Russ says that you could probably hack up a driver by looking at the at1700.c code and his DOS packet driver for the Tiara card (tiara.asm). They are not very common.
SMC 3016
Status: Not Supported.
These are 16bit I/O mapped 8390 cards, much similar to a generic NE2000 card. If you can get the specifications from SMC, then porting the NE2000 driver would probably be quite easy. They are not very common.
SMC-9000 / SMC 91c92/4
Status: Supported, Driver Name: smc9194
The SMC9000 is a VLB card based on the 91c92 chip. The 91c92 appears on a few other brand cards as well, but is fairly uncommon.
SMC 91c100
Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: smc9194
The SMC 91c92 driver is supposed to work for cards based on this 100Base-T chip, but at the moment this is unverified.
SMC 9452TX/9462TX
Status: Supported, Driver Name: ns83820
4.42 Sundance
Sundance ST201, Alta
Status: Supported, Driver Name: sundance
The Sundance Alta chip is used on OEM boards. It uses bus-master transfers, can transmit from and receive into arbitrarily aligned buffers, and has a 64 element multicast hash. All chip versions have flow control and ACPI power states.
4.43 SysKonnect
SysKonnect sk-98xx Gigabit Ethernet
Status: Supported, Driver Name: sk98
Early reports indicated that this chipset had a problem with Tx checksums, which hurts performance a little.
4.44 Texas Instruments
ThunderLAN
Status: Supported, Driver Name: tlan
This driver covers many Compaq built-in ethernet devices, including the NetFlex and Netelligent groups. It also supports the Olicom 2183, 2185, 2325 and 2326 products.
4.45 Thomas Conrad
Thomas Conrad TC-5048
This is yet another PCI card that is based on DEC's 21040 chip.
See the section on the 21040 chip ( DEC 21040) for more information.
4.46 VIA
You probably won't see a VIA networking card, as VIA make several networking chips that are then used by others in the construction of an ethernet card. They have a WWW site at:
http://www.via.com.tw/
VIA 86C926 Amazon
Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne, ne2k-pci (+8390)
This controller chip is VIA's PCI-NE2000 offering. You
can choose between the ISA/PCI ne.c driver or
the PCI-only ne2k-pci.c driver. See the PCI-NE2000
section for more details.
VIA 86C100A Rhine II (and 3043 Rhine I)
Status Supported, Driver Name: via-rhine
This relatively new driver can be found in current 2.0 and 2.1 kernels. It is an improvement over the 86C926 NE2000 chip in that it supports bus master transfers, but strict 32 bit buffer alignment requirements limit the benefit gained from this. For more details and driver updates, see:
http://www.scyld.com/network
4.47 Western Digital
Please see SMC for information on SMC cards. (SMC bought out Western Digital's network card section many years ago.)
4.48 Winbond
Winbond don't really make and sell complete cards to the general public -- instead they make single chip ethernet solutions that other companies buy, stick onto a PCI board with their own name and then sell through retail stores. Some setup programs and tech support is available at:
http://www.winbond.com.tw
Winbond 89c840
Status: Supported, Driver Name: winbond-840
This chip has been described as `the mutant spawn of a NE2000 and a Tulip clone' -- see the driver notes for more details. This driver also supports the TX9882 chip found on the Compex RL100-ATX.
Winbond 89c904, 89c905, 89c906
Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne (+8390)
These are Winbond's ISA 10Mbps ne2000 compatible ethernet chips. Setup programs are available at the Winbond site.
Winbond 89c940
Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne, ne2k-pci (+8390)
This chip is one of the two commonly found on the low price PCI ne2000 cards sold by lots of manufacturers. Note that this is still a 10+ year old design just glued onto a PCI bus. Performance won't be staggeringly better than the equivalent ISA model.
4.49 Xircom
For the longest time, Xircom wouldn't release the programming information required to write a driver, unless you signed your life away. Apparently enough linux users have pestered them for driver support (they claim to support all popular networking operating systems...) so that they have changed their policy to allow documentation to be released without having to sign a non-disclosure agreement. Some people have said they they will release the source code to the SCO driver, while others have been told that they are no longer providing information on `obsolete' products like the earlier PE models. If you are interested and want to check into this yourself, you can reach Xircom at 1-800-874-7875, 1-800-438-4526 or +1-818-878-7600.
Xircom PE1, PE2, PE3-10B*
Status: Not Supported.
Not to get your hopes up, but if you have one of these parallel port adaptors, you may be able to use it in the DOS emulator with the Xircom-supplied DOS drivers. You will have to allow DOSEMU access to your parallel port, and will probably have to play with SIG (DOSEMU's Silly Interrupt Generator).
Xircom CE, CEM, CE2, CE3
Status: Supported, Driver Name: xirc2ps_cs
According to the driver, this supports the CE2, CE IIps, RE-10, CEM28, CEM33, CE33, CEM56, CE3-100, CE3B, RE-100, REM10BT, and the REM56G-100.
Xircom CBE-100
Status: Supported, Driver Name: xircom_tulip_cb
A tulip-like implementation on CardBus.
4.50 Zenith
Z-Note
Status: Obsolete, Driver Name: znet
The built-in Z-Note network adaptor is based on the Intel i82593 using two DMA channels. Also note that the IBM ThinkPad 300 is compatible with the Z-Note.
4.51 Znyx
Znyx ZX342 (DEC 21040 based)
Status: Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip
You have a choice of two drivers for cards based on this chip. There is the DE425 driver written by David, and the generic 21040 driver that Donald has written.
Note that as of 1.1.91, David has added a compile time option that
may allow non-DEC cards (such as the Znyx cards) to work with
this driver. Have a look at README.de4x5 for details.
See DEC 21040 for more information on these cards, and the present driver situation.
4.52 Identifying an Unknown Card
Okay, so your uncle's cousin's neighbour's friend had a brother who found an old ISA ethernet card in the AT case he was using as a cage for his son's pet hampster. Somehow you ended up with the card and want to try and use it with linux, but nobody has a clue what the card is and there isn't any documentation.
First of all, look for any obvious model numbers that might give a clue. Any model number that contains 2000 will most likely be a NE2000 clone. Any cards with 8003 or 8013 on them somewhere will be Western/Digital WD80x3 cards or SMC Elite cards or clones of them.
Identifying the Network Interface Controller
Look for the biggest chip on the card. This will be the network controller (NIC) itself, and most can be identified by the part number. If you know which NIC is on the card, the following might be able to help you figure out what card it is.
Probably the most common ISA NIC is the National Semiconductor DP8390 aka NS32490 aka DP83901 aka DP83902 aka DP83905 aka DP83907. And those are just the ones made by National! Other companies such as Winbond and UMC make DP8390 and DP83905 clone parts, such as the Winbond 89c904 (DP83905 clone) and the UMC 9090. If the card has some form of 8390 on it, then chances are it is a ne1000 or ne2000 clone card. The second most common 8390 based card are wd80x3 cards and clones. Cards with a DP83905 can be configured to be an ne2000 or a wd8013. Never versions of the genuine wd80x3 and SMC Elite cards have an 83c690 in place of the original DP8390. The SMC Ultra cards have an 83c790, and use a slightly different driver than the wd80x3 cards. The SMC EtherEZ cards have an 83c795, and use the same driver as the SMC Ultra. All BNC cards based on some sort of 8390 or 8390 clone will usually have an 8392 (or 83c692, or ???392) 16 pin DIP chip very close to the BNC connector.
Another common NIC found on older cards is the Intel i82586. Cards having this NIC include the 3c505, 3c507, 3c523, Intel EtherExpress-ISA, Microdyne Exos-205T, and the Racal-Interlan NI5210.
The original AMD LANCE NIC was numbered AM7990, and newer revisions include the 79c960, 79c961, 79c965, 79c970, and 79c974. Most cards with one of the above will work with the Linux LANCE driver, with the exception of the old Racal-Interlan NI6510 cards that have their own driver.
Newer PCI cards having a DEC 21040, 21041, 21140, or similar number on the NIC should be able to use the linux tulip or de4x5 driver.
Other PCI cards having a big chip marked RTL8029 or 89C940 or 86C926 are ne2000 clone cards, and the ne2k-pci driver should automatically detect these cards.
Identifying the Ethernet Address
Each ethernet card has its own six byte address that is
unique to that card. The first three bytes of that address
are the same for each card made by that particular manufacturer.
For example all SMC cards start with 00:00:c0.
The last three are assigned by the manufacturer uniquely to each
individual card as they are produced.
If your card has a sticker on it giving all six bits of its address, you can look up the vendor from the first three. However it is more common to see only the last three bytes printed onto a sticker attached to a socketed PROM, which tells you nothing.
You can determine which vendors have which assigned addresses
from RFC-1340. Apparently there is a more up to date listing
available in various places as well. Try a WWW or FTP search
for EtherNet-codes or Ethernet-codes and you will
find something.
Identifying the Card by the FCC ID Number
As part of the certification process a card typically
has to pass before being sold to the user, it gets tested
by the FCC, and from this gets a FCC ID which is supposed
to be printed on the card somewhere. For example, a
card has on it FCC ID: J158013EWC - and this
card happens to be a SMC/WD8013-EWC. Some web sites
like www.driverguide.com and drdriver.com
make use of listings of FCC IDs that may help with less
obvious ID numbers. The FCC itself has a search tool
that may also help, and it is at:
Tips on Trying to Use an Unknown Card
If you are still not sure what the card is, but have at least narrowed it down some, then you can build a kernel with a whole bunch of drivers included, and see if any of them autodetect the card at boot.
If the kernel doesn't detect the card, it may be that the
card is not configured to one of the addresses that the
driver probes when looking for a card. In this case, you
might want to try getting scanport.tar.gz from your
local linux ftp site, and see if that can locate where your
card is jumpered for. It scans ISA I/O space from 0x100
to 0x3ff looking for devices that aren't registered in
/proc/ioports. If it finds an unknown device starting
at some particular address, you can then explicity point the
ethernet probes at that address with an ether= boot
argument.
If you manage to get the card detected, you can then usually figure out the unknown jumpers by changing them one at a time and seeing at what I/O base and IRQ that the card is detected at. The IRQ settings can also usually be determined by following the traces on the back of the card to where the jumpers are soldered through. Counting the `gold fingers' on the backside, from the end of the card with the metal bracket, you have IRQ 9, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 10, 11, 12, 15, 14 at fingers 4, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38 respectively. Eight bit cards only have up to finger 31.
Jumpers that appear to do nothing usually are for selecting the memory address of an optional boot ROM. Other jumpers that are located near the BNC or RJ-45 or AUI connectors are usually to select the output media. These are also typically near the `black box' voltage converters marked YCL, Valor, or Fil-Mag.
A nice collection of jumper settings for various cards can be found at the following URL:
4.53 Drivers for Non-Ethernet Devices
There are a few other drivers that are in the linux source that present an ethernet-like device to network programs, while not really being ethernet. These are briefly listed here for completeness.
dummy.c - The purpose of this driver is to provide a device
to point a route through, but not to actually transmit packets.
eql.c - Load Equalizer, enslaves multiple devices (usually
modems) and balances the Tx load across them while presenting
a single device to the network programs.
ibmtr.c - IBM Token Ring, which is not really ethernet.
Broken-Ring requires source routing and other uglies.
loopback.c - Loopback device, for which all packets
from your machine and destined for your own machine go.
It essentially just moves the packet off the Tx queue and
onto the Rx queue.
pi2.c - Ottawa Amateur Radio Club PI and PI2 interface.
plip.c - Parallel Line Internet Protocol, allows two
computers to send packets to each other over two joined
parallel ports in a point-to-point fashion.
ppp.c - Point-to-Point Protocol (RFC1331, 1548. 1661), for
the Transmission of Multi-protocol Datagrams over a
Point-to-Point Link (again usually modems).
slip.c - Serial Line Internet Protocol, allows two
computers to send packets to each other over two joined
serial ports (usually via modems) in a point-to-point fashion.
tunnel.c - Provides an IP tunnel through which you can
tunnel network traffic transparently across subnets
wavelan.c - An Ethernet-like radio transceiver
controlled by the Intel 82586 coprocessor which is used on
other ethercards such as the Intel EtherExpress.
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