2. Why RAID?
This HOWTO is deprecated; the Linux RAID HOWTO is maintained as a wiki by the linux-raid community at http://raid.wiki.kernel.org/
There can be many good reasons for using RAID. A few are; the ability to combine several physical disks into one larger "virtual" device, performance improvements, and redundancy.
It is, however, very important to understand that RAID is not a
substitute for good backups. Some RAID levels will make your systems
immune to data loss from single-disk failures, but RAID will not allow
you to recover from an accidental "rm -rf /". RAID will also
not help you preserve your data if the server holding the RAID itself
is lost in one way or the other (theft, flooding, earthquake, Martian
invasion etc.)
RAID will generally allow you to keep systems up and running, in case of common hardware problems (single disk failure). It is not in itself a complete data safety solution. This is very important to realize.
2.1 Device and filesystem support
Linux RAID can work on most block devices. It doesn't matter whether you use IDE or SCSI devices, or a mixture. Some people have also used the Network Block Device (NBD) with more or less success.
Since a Linux Software RAID device is itself a block device, the above implies that you can actually create a RAID of other RAID devices. This in turn makes it possible to support RAID-10 (RAID-0 of multiple RAID-1 devices), simply by using the RAID-0 and RAID-1 functionality together. Other more exotic configurations, such a RAID-5 over RAID-5 "matrix" configurations are equally supported.
The RAID layer has absolutely nothing to do with the filesystem layer. You can put any filesystem on a RAID device, just like any other block device.
2.2 Performance
Often RAID is employed as a solution to performance problems. While RAID can indeed often be the solution you are looking for, it is not a silver bullet. There can be many reasons for performance problems, and RAID is only the solution to a few of them.
See Chapter one for a mention of the performance characteristics of each level.
2.3 Swapping on RAID
There's no reason to use RAID for swap performance reasons. The kernel
itself can stripe swapping on several devices, if you just give them
the same priority in the /etc/fstab file.
A nice /etc/fstab looks like:
/dev/sda2 swap swap defaults,pri=1 0 0 /dev/sdb2 swap swap defaults,pri=1 0 0 /dev/sdc2 swap swap defaults,pri=1 0 0 /dev/sdd2 swap swap defaults,pri=1 0 0 /dev/sde2 swap swap defaults,pri=1 0 0 /dev/sdf2 swap swap defaults,pri=1 0 0 /dev/sdg2 swap swap defaults,pri=1 0 0This setup lets the machine swap in parallel on seven SCSI devices. No need for RAID, since this has been a kernel feature for a long time.
Another reason to use RAID for swap is high availability. If you set up a system to boot on eg. a RAID-1 device, the system should be able to survive a disk crash. But if the system has been swapping on the now faulty device, you will for sure be going down. Swapping on a RAID-1 device would solve this problem.
There has been a lot of discussion about whether swap was stable on RAID devices. This is a continuing debate, because it depends highly on other aspects of the kernel as well. As of this writing, it seems that swapping on RAID should be perfectly stable, you should however stress-test the system yourself until you are satisfied with the stability.
You can set up RAID in a swap file on a filesystem on your RAID device, or you can set up a RAID device as a swap partition, as you see fit. As usual, the RAID device is just a block device.
2.4 Why mdadm?
The classic raidtools are the standard software RAID management tool for Linux, so using mdadm is not a must.
However, if you find raidtools cumbersome or limited, mdadm (multiple devices admin) is an extremely useful tool for running RAID systems. It can be used as a replacement for the raidtools, or as a supplement.
The mdadm tool, written by Neil Brown, a software engineer at the University of New South Wales and a kernel developer, is now at version 1.4.0 and has proved to be quite stable. There is much positive response on the Linux-raid mailing list and mdadm is likely to become widespread in the future.
The main differences between mdadm and raidtools are:
- mdadm can diagnose, monitor and gather detailed information about your arrays
- mdadm is a single centralized program and not a collection of disperse programs, so there's a common syntax for every RAID management command
- mdadm can perform almost all of its functions without having a configuration file and does not use one by default
- Also, if a configuration file is needed, mdadm will help with management of it's contents
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