Modem-HOWTO

• Index
• Introduction
• Modems for a Linux PC
• Modem Pools, RAS
• Serial Port and Modem Basics
• Configuring Overview
• Locating the Serial Port: IO address, IRQs
• Configuring the Serial Driver (high-level) "stty"
• Modem Configuration (excluding serial port)
• Serial Port Devices /dev/ttyS4, (or /dev/ttys/4) etc.
• Interesting Programs You Should Know About
• Trying Out Your Modem (Dialing Out)
• Dial-In
• Uugetty for Dial-In (from the old Serial-HOWTO)
• What Speed Should I Use with My Modem?
• Communications Programs And Utilities
• Two Modems (Modem Doubling)
• ISDN "Modems"
• Troubleshooting
• Flash Upgrades
• Other Sources of Information
• Appendix A: How Analog Modems Work (technical) (unfinished)
• Appendix B: Analog Voice Infeasible Over Non-Voice Modem
• Appendix C: "baud" vs. "bps"
• Appendix D: Terminal Server Connection
• Appendix E: Cable and DSL modems
• Appendix F: Connecting 2 Modems Directly Back-to-Back (Leased Lines).
• Appendix G: Fax pixels (dots)
• Appendix H: Stty Hanging Problem (prior to 2000)
• Appendix G: Antique Modems

3. Modem Pools, RAS

3.1 Introduction

A "modem pool" is a group of modems which are normally used to receive incoming calls. Today, many such modems may be on a single card. ISPs once used modem pools so that customers could call in to the ISP, but today, the RAS (Remote Access Server) has replaced modem pools for ISPs. RAS works for incoming calls at near 56k (V.90 and V.92) and uses what amounts to "digital modems". Modem pools use the older analog modems and can only go to 33.6 kbps for incoming calls. Thus analog modem pools are more likely to be used by small organizations that don't want to use the more expensive RAS. A RAS is in a sense a digital modem pool.

An analog modem pool may be provided by an analog multi-port modem card. In olden days it was many modems in an external chassis (something like an external modem). Such modems could be analog modems similar to modems used for home/office PCs (can't send above 33.6k even if they are labeled "56k modems"). A RAS will use "digital modems" which can send at nearly 56k (if you have a good line). The "digital modems" require a digital connection to the telephone line and don't use any serial ports at all. All of these modem pools (or RAS's) will require that you install special drivers for them.

3.2 Analog Modem Pools, Multi-modem Cards

A "multimodem card" is short for "multiport modem card". Some put a hyphen after "multi": multi-modem or multi-port. An analog modem pool is just many analog modems (the common home/office modem) provided either on an internal plug-in card or in an external chassis. Each modem comes with a built-in serial port. There is usually a system of sharing interrupts or of handling interrupts by their own electronics, thus removing much of this burden from the CPU. Note that these modems are not "digital modems" and will thus not be able to use 56k for people who dial-in.

Here is a list of some companies that make analog multiport modem cards which plug into slots in a PC. 8 modems/card is common. The cards listed claim to work with Linux and the websites should point you to a driver for them.

Multi-modem Cards (analog, not digital):

• Equinox SST Multi-modem. PCI, 56k, 4 or 8 ports
  http://www.equinox.com/product/multi-modem.htm
• MultiModemISI by Multi-Tech Systems. 56k or 33.6k, PCI, 4 or 8 ports. ISDN/56k hybrids.
  http://www.multitech.com/PRODUCTS/MultiModemISI/
• PCI-RAS cards by Perle. 56k, 4 or 8 ports.
  http://www.perle.com/products/default.asp?cat=C007
• RocketModem by Comtrol. ISA 33.6k, 4 or 8 port.
  http://www.comtrol.com/sales/specs/rm.htm
• RocketModem II by Comtrol. PCI 56k, 4 or 6 port
  http://www.comtrol.com/sales/specs/rmii.htm
• RockForce. 56k, 2 or 4 port Two port V.92/V.44
  http://www.mainpine.com/ #RockForce+ Two port V.90 (www.mainpine.com/prodrockplus.html) #RockForceDUO Two port V.92/V.44 (www.mainpine.com/prodduo.html) #RockForceQUATRO Four port V.92/V.44 (www.mainpine.com/prodquatro.html) #RockForceDUO+ Two port V.92/V.44/V.34 SuperG3 Fax = #(www.mainpine.com/prodduoplus.html) #RockForceQUATRO+ Four port V.92/V.44/V.34 SuperG3 Fax = #(www.mainpine.com/prodquatroplus.html) #
• Multi-modem communication adapters by Digi. http:/www.dgii.com/solutions/mmcommadapters/index.html

3.3 Digital Modems, RAS

"Digital modems" are much different than the analog modems that most people use in their PCs. But they can communicate with analog modems at the other end of the phone line. ISP's use "digital modems" to send out data at almost 56k bps to 56k modems in homes and offices. The "digital modem" requires a digital connection to the telephone line (such as T1, EI, ISDN PRI, etc.). Except for some serial ISDN "modems", they don't use serial ports for the interface to the computer. Instead, they interface directly to a computer bus via a special card(s) (which may also contain the "digital modems"). They are often a component of "remote access servers" (RASs) or "digital modem pools"

You may already know that each time you make a telephone call from an analog device (a telephone or a modem) it gets converted by the telephone company to a digital signal. Then it's transmitted to near its destination as a digital signal and finally converted back into an analog signal just before it reaches it's destination. But it's also possible to receive this digital signal directly from the telephone company if you have what is called a "T1" line, etc.

The cables from the phone company that carry digital signals have been designed for high bandwidth so that the same cable carries many telephone calls. It's done by what's called "time-division multiplexing". A single phone call in a cable is carried on two different channels, one for each direction. So the RAS must connect each such channel-pair to the appropriate "digital modem" that services that phone call. Such tasks are done by what is sometimes called a "... concentrator".

Now the digital signal received by a "digital modem" may really represent an analog signal which has been sent to it by an analog modem. This is because when you send an analog signal (including ordinary voice) to the telephone company, it gets converted into digital by the phone company. One way for the digital modem to deal with this digital signal would be to convert it to an analog signal and then put that thru an analog modem to get the digital data sent by the analog modem. But why do all this work? Since the signal is already in digital form, why not process it digitally? That's how it's done. The digital signal is processed and converted to another digital stream of bytes which represents data bytes sent by the analog modem. A "digital signal processor" (DSP) is commonly used for this task. A CPU could also handle it but it would be heavily loaded.

Likewise, a "digital modem" must handle sending digital signals in the opposite direction from a RAS to a digital telephone line. Thus it only makes digital-to-digital conversions and doesn't deal in analog at all. It thus is not really a modem at all since it doesn't modulate any analog carrier. So the name "digital modem" is a misnomer but it does do the job formerly done by modems. Thus some "digital modems" call themselves "digital signal processors", or "remote access servers", etc. and may not even mention the word "modem".

Such a RAS system may be a stand-alone proprietary server, a chassis containing digital modems that connects to a PC via a special interface card, or just a card itself. Digi calls one such card a "remote access server concentrator adapter". One incomplete description of what is needed to become an ISP is: See What do I need to be an ISP?. Cyclades promotes their own products here so please do comparison shopping before buying anything.